Dozens of US cities may have entire neighbourhoods bulldozed as part of drastic "shrink to survive" proposals being
considered by the Obama administration to tackle economic decline.
The government looking at expanding a pioneering scheme in Flint, one of the poorest US cities, which involves razing entire
districts and returning the land to nature. Local politicians believe the city must contract by as much as 40 per cent,
concentrating the dwindling population and local services into a more viable area. The radical experiment is the brainchild
of Dan Kildee, treasurer of Genesee County, which includes Flint. Having outlined his strategy to Barack Obama during the
election campaign, Mr Kildee has now been approached by the US government and a group of charities who want him to apply
what he has learnt to the rest of the country.
Mr Kildee said he will concentrate on 50 cities, identified in a recent study by the Brookings Institution, an influential
Washington think-tank, as potentially needing to shrink substantially to cope with their declining fortunes. Most are former
industrial cities in the "rust belt" of America's Mid-West and North East. They include Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh,
Baltimore and Memphis. In Detroit, shattered by the woes of the US car industry, there are already plans to split it into
a collection of small urban centres separated from each other by countryside.
"The real question is not whether these cities shrink – we're all shrinking – but whether we let it happen in a destructive
or sustainable way," said Mr Kildee. "Decline is a fact of life in Flint. Resisting it is like resisting gravity." Karina
Pallagst, director of the Shrinking Cities in a Global Perspective programme at the University of California, Berkeley, said
there was "both a cultural and political taboo" about admitting decline in America.
"Places like Flint have hit rock bottom. They're at the point where it's better to start knocking a lot of buildings down,"
she said. Flint, sixty miles north of Detroit, was the original home of General Motors. The car giant once employed 79,000
local people but that figure has shrunk to around 8,000. Unemployment is now approaching 20 per cent and the total
population has almost halved to 110,000.
The exodus – particularly of young people – coupled with the consequent collapse in property prices, has left street after
street in sections of the city almost entirely abandoned. In the city centre, the once grand Durant Hotel – named after
William Durant, GM's founder – is a symbol of the city's decline, said Mr Kildee. The large building has been empty since
1973, roughly when Flint's decline began. Regarded as a model city in the motor industry's boom years, Flint may once again
be emulated, though for very different reasons.
But Mr Kildee, who has lived there nearly all his life, said he had first to overcome a deeply ingrained American cultural
mindset that "big is good" and that cities should sprawl – Flint covers 34 square miles. He said: "The obsession with growth
is sadly a very American thing. Across the US, there's an assumption that all development is good, that if communities are growing they are successful. If they're shrinking, they're failing." But some Flint dustcarts are collecting just one
rubbish bag a week, roads are decaying, police are very understaffed and there were simply too few people to pay for
services, he said. If the city didn't downsize it will eventually go bankrupt, he added.
Flint's recovery efforts have been helped by a new state law passed a few years ago which allowed local governments to buy
up empty properties very cheaply. They could then knock them down or sell them on to owners who will occupy them. The city
wants to specialise in health and education services, both areas which cannot easily be relocated abroad. The local
authority has restored the city's attractive but formerly deserted centre but has pulled down 1,100 abandoned homes in
outlying areas. Mr Kildee estimated another 3,000 needed to be demolished, although the city boundaries will remain the
same.
Already, some streets peter out into woods or meadows, no trace remaining of the homes that once stood there. Choosing which
areas to knock down will be delicate but many of them were already obvious, he said. The city is buying up houses in more
affluent areas to offer people in neighbourhoods it wants to demolish. Nobody will be forced to move, said Mr Kildee. "Much
of the land will be given back to nature. People will enjoy living near a forest or meadow," he said. Mr Kildee acknowledged
that some fellow Americans considered his solution "defeatist" but he insisted it was "no more defeatist than pruning an
overgrown tree so it can bear fruit again".