Taken from: Wikipedia - Mother Goddess
Introduction
A Mother Goddess is a term used to refer to any goddess associated with motherhood, fertility, creation or the bountiful
embodiment of the Earth. When equated with the Earth or the natural world such goddesses are sometimes referred to as
Mother Earth or as the Earth Mother.
There have been many different Mother Goddesses throughout history and in the present day, including such deities as the
Hindu Kali Ma, Greek pagan Gaia and Celtic Anu. In some forms of Neopaganism, and in the Hindu idea of Shakti, all the many
Mother Goddesses are viewed as being the embodiment of one singular deity.
Contention
Clearly, deities fitting the modern conception of the "Mother Goddess" as a type have been revered in many societies
through to modern times. James Frazer (author of The Golden Bough) and those he influenced (such as Robert Graves and
Marija Gimbutas) advanced the theory that all worship in Europe and the Aegean that involved any kind of Mother Goddess
had originated in Pre-Indo-European neolithic matriarchies, and that their diverse goddesses were equivalent or derived
from that concept.
Although the type has been well accepted as a useful category for mythography, the idea that all such goddesses were
believed in ancient times to be interchangeable has been countered in 1968 by archaeologist Peter Ucko, who proposes
instead that the many images found in graves and archaeological sites of these ancient cultures were toys.
Paleolithic figures
Several small, corpulent figures have been found during archaeological excavations of the Upper Paleolithic, the Venus of
Willendorf, perhaps, being the most famous. It is estimated to have been carved 24,000–22,000 BCE. Some archaeologists
believe they were intended to represent goddesses, while others believe that they could have served some other purpose.
These figurines predate the available records of the goddesses listed below as examples by many thousands of years, so
although they seem to conform to the same generic type, it is not clear whether they, indeed, were representations of a
goddess or that, if they are, there was any continuity of religion that connects them with Middle Eastern and Classical
deities.
The Paleolithic period extends from 2.5 million years ago to the introduction of agriculture around 10,000 BCE.
Archaeological evidence indicates that humans migrated to the Western Hemisphere before the end of the Paleolithic. It is
the prehistoric era distinguished by the development of stone tools, and covers the greatest portion of humanity's time on
Earth.
Neolithic figures
Diverse images of Mother Goddesses also have been discovered that date from the Neolithic period, the New Stone Age, which
ranges from approximately 10,000 BCE when the use of wild cereals led to the beginning of farming, and eventually, to
agriculture. The end of this Neolithic period is characterized by the introduction of metal tools as the skill appeared to
spread from one culture to another, or arise independently as a new phase in an existing tool culture, and eventually became
widespread among humans. Regional differences in the development of this stage of tool development are quite varied. In
other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own
regionally-and distinctive Neolithic cultures arose independently in Europe and Southwest Asia. During this time, native
cultures appear in the Western Hemisphere, arising out of older traditions that were carried during migration. Regular
seasonal occupation or permanent settlements begin to be seen in excavations. Herding and keeping of cattle, goats, sheep,
and pigs is evidenced along with the presence of dogs.
There is no dispute that many ancient cultures worshipped female deities who match the modern conception of a "mother
goddess" as part of their pantheons. One of the Homeric Hymns (7-6 century BC) is dedicated to Gaia "Hymn to Gaia, Mother
of All". The Sumerians wrote many erotic poems about their Mother Goddess Ninhursag.
Egyptian
Mother Goddesses are present in the earliest images discovered among the archaeological finds in Ancient Egypt. One figure
of a deity, depicted standing between two lionesses, exists among those on one of the earliest paintings found among the
Naqada Culture.
An association with animals seen as good mothers—the lioness, cow, hippopotamus, white vulture, cobra, scorpion, and cat—as
well as the life-giving primordial waters, the sun, and the night sky and the earth herself—is drawn to the early goddesses
of Egypt.
Even through the transition to a paired pantheon of male deities matched or "married" to each goddess, reached a later male
deity dominated pantheon that arose much later, the Mother Goddesses persisted into historical times (such as Hathor and
Isis). Advice from the oracles associated with these goddesses guided the rulers of Egypt and the tradition spread to other
ancient cultures.
The image of Isis nursing her son was worshipped into the sixth century A.D. and has been resurrected by contemporary
"cults" of an Earth Mother. Some suggest that the reverence for the mother of Jesus took the place of the worship of Isis
that could not be suppressed, including incorporating the imagery associated with Hathor-Isis from three thousand years
before Christianity.
Sumerian, Mesopotamian, and Greek
Tiamat in Sumerian mythology, Ishtar (Inanna), and Ninsun in Mesopotamia, Asherah in Canaan, `Ashtart in Syria, and
Aphrodite in Greece, for example.
Anatolia
In Anatolia, the Neolithic settlement from 7500 BC, Çatalhöyük, has yielded many examples of worship of a Mother Goddess.
Examples found show that images of the goddess greatly exceeded the small number of a male deity found in early
associations and that the male images eventually ceased to appear at all after a certain time, as evidenced in the temporal
stratification of the excavations of the site. To date eighteen levels have been identified. These careful figurines
were found primarily in areas Mellaart believed to be shrines. One, however – a stately goddess seated on a throne flanked
by two lionesses – was found in a grain bin, which Mellaart suggests might have been a means of ensuring the harvest or
protecting the food supply. The image to the right was found in excavations there and depicts a Mother Goddess seated on
a throne that is flanked by two lionesses. It is dated as c. 6000-5500 BC and resides in the Museum of Anatolian
Civilizations in Ankara.
Greek
In the Aegean, Anatolian, and ancient Near Eastern culture zones, a Mother Goddess was worshipped in the forms of Cybele
(revered in Rome as Magna Mater, the 'Great Mother'), of Gaia, and of Rhea.
The Olympian goddesses of classical Greece had many characters with Mother Goddess attributes, including Hera and Demeter.
The Minoan goddess represented in seals and other remains, whom Greeks called Potnia theron, "Mistress of the Animals",
many of whose attributes were later also absorbed by Artemis, seems to have been a Mother Goddess type, for in some
representations she suckles the animals that she holds.
The archaic local goddess worshiped at Ephesus, whose cult statue was adorned with necklaces and stomachers hung with
rounded protuberances who was later also identified by Hellenes with Artemis, was probably also a Mother Goddess.
The Anna Perenna Festival of the Greeks and Romans for the New Year, around March 15, near the Vernal Equinox, may have
been a Mother Goddess festival. Since the Sun is considered the source of life and food, this festival was also equated
with the Mother Goddess.
Roman
Aphrodite's counterpart in Roman mythology, Venus, eventually was adopted as a Mother Goddess figure. She was seen as the
mother of the Roman people, being the mother of Rome's ancestor, Aeneas, and the ancestor of all subsequent Roman rulers,
and by the time of Julius Caesar's era, she was dubbed "Venus Genetrix" (Mother Venus).
Magna Dea is Latin for "Great Goddess" and may refer to any major goddess worshipped during the Roman Republic or Roman
Empire. Magna Dea could be applied to a goddess at the head of a pantheon, such as Juno or Minerva, or a goddess worshipped
monotheistically. Juno may have origins in the Etruscan Mother Goddess deity as well, whose identity merged with the Roman
goddess later.
Celtic
The Irish goddess Anu, sometimes known as Danu, has an impact as a Mother Goddess, judging from the Dá Chích Anann near
Killarney, County Kerry. Irish literature names the last and most favored generation of deities as "the people of Danu"
(Tuatha de Dannan).
Germanic
In the 1st century BC, Tacitus recorded rites amongst the Germanic tribes focused on the female goddess Nerthus, whom he
calls Terra Mater, 'Mother Earth'. Prominent in these rites was the procession of the goddess in a wheeled vehicle through
the countryside. Among the seven or eight tribes said to worship her, Tacitus lists the Anglii and the Longobardi.
Among the later Anglo-Saxons, a Christianized charm known as Æcerbot survives from records from the 10th century. The charm
involves a procession through the fields while calling upon the Christian God for a good harvest, invokes 'eorþan modor'
(Earth Mother) and 'folde, fira modor,' (Earth, mother of men).
In Central Germany, legends regarding Frau Holle are recorded throughout the Middle Ages. She appears as a helpful goddess,
in charge of spinning and household affairs. She rides through the countryside during the Twelve-nights, sometimes asking
local peasants for assistance repairing her wagon. Those who help are rewarded with woodchips or dung, which they soon
discover turns to gold. Among her many names are Holda, Berchta, Perht, and Frekka, the last of which directly connects her
to Odin's wife Frigg. Many German harvest customs surround both Odin (Wotan, Godan, Wold) and Frau Holle. In several German
legends, she is known as Frau Goden, and connected to the Wild Hunt. Goden is simply another name for Odin, again indicating
that Frau Holle is most likely a remembrance of Odin's wife, Frigg. In Snorri Sturlusson's Prose Edda, a handbook on poetry
written more than two centuries after the Christian conversion of Iceland, Earth and Frigg, however, are presented as
independent entities.
In skaldic poetry, the kenning "Odin's wife" is a common designation for the Earth. Bynames of the Earth in Icelandic
poetry include Jörð, Fjörgyn, Hlóðyn and Hlín. Hlín is used as a byname of both Jörð and Frigg. Fjörgynn (a masculine form
of Fjörgyn) is said to be Frigg's father, while the name Hlóðyn is most commonly linked to Frau Holle, as well as to a
goddess, Hludana, whose name is found eteched in several votive inscriptions from the Roman era.
Connections have been proposed between the figure of Nerthus and various figures (particularly figures counted amongst the
Vanir) recorded in 13th century Icelandic records of Norse mythology, including Frigg. Due to potential etymological
connections, the Norse god Njörðr has been proposed as the consort of Nerthus. In the Poetic Edda poem Lokasenna,
Njörðr is said to have fathered his famous children by his own sister. This sister remains unnamed.
Due to specific terms used to describe the figure of Grendel's mother from the poem Beowulf, some scholars have proposed
that the figure of Grendel's mother, like the poem itself, may have derived from earlier traditions originating from
Germanic paganism.
Turkic Siberians
Umai, also known as Ymai or Mai, is the Mother Goddess of the Turkic Siberians. She is depicted as having sixty golden
tresses, that resemble the rays of the sun. She is thought to have once been identical with Ot of the Mongols.
It is interesting to note that Shiva's consort is called Parvati and also Uma. And in India the mother worship also is
called Devi Maa or Maya. Both imply linguistic links.
Hinduism
In the Hindu context, the worship of the Mother entity can be traced back to early Vedic culture, and perhaps, even before
that time. The Rigveda calls the divine female power, Mahimata (R.V. 1.164.33), a term which literally means Mother Earth.
At places, the Vedic literature alludes to her as Viraj, the universal mother, as Aditi, the mother of gods, and as
Ambhrini, the one born of the Primeval Ocean. Durga represents the empowering and protective nature of motherhood. An
incarnation of Durga is Kali, who came from her forehead during war (as a means of defeating Durga's enemy, Mahishasura).
Durga and her incarnations are particularly worshipped in Bengal.
Today, Devi is seen in manifold forms, all representing the creative force in the world, as Maya and prakriti, the force
that galvanizes the divine ground of existence into self-projection as the cosmos. She is not merely the Earth, although
even this perspective is covered by Parvati (Durga's previous incarnation).
All of the various Hindu female entities are seen as forming many faces of the same female Divinity. However mother and
nursing child imagery has been found in Hindu art, namely the depiction of Yashoda and Krishna.
In Sanskrit there is the term Yaganmatri for Mother of the Universe.
Shaktism
This form of Hinduism, known as Shaktism, is strongly associated with Vedanta, Samkhya, and Tantra Hindu philosophies and is ultimately monist, although there is a rich tradition of Bhakti yoga associated with it. The feminine energy, Shakti, is considered to be the motive force behind all action and existence in the phenomenal cosmos in Hinduism. The cosmos itself is Brahman, the concept of the unchanging, infinite, immanent, and transcendent reality that is the Divine Ground of all being, the "world soul".
Masculine potentiality is actualized by feminine dynamism, embodied in multitudinous goddesses who are ultimately reconciled in one.
The keystone text is the Devi Mahatmya which combines earlier Vedic theologies, emergent Upanishadic philosophies and developing tantric cultures in a laudatory exegesis of Shakti religion. Demons of ego, ignorance, and desire bind the soul in maya (illusion) (also alternately ethereal or embodied) and it is Mother Maya, Shakti, herself, who can free the bonded individual. The immanent Mother, Devi, is for this reason focused on with intensity, love, and self-dissolving concentration in an effort to focus the shakta (as a Shakti worshipper is sometimes known) on the true reality underlying time, space, and causation, thus freeing one from karmic cyclism.
Neopaganism
The Mother Goddess, amalgamated and combined with various feminine figures from world cultures of both the past and present,
is worshipped by modern Wiccans and others (see Triple Goddess). The Mother Goddess is usually viewed as Mother Earth by
these groups.
Wiccans and some other types Neo-Pagans worship the Mother Goddess. Most commonly she is worshiped as a Triple Goddess;
usually envisioned as the Maiden, Mother, and Crone archetypes. She is associated with the full moon and with Earth. Many
ancient Pagan religions had Mother Goddesses; it has been argued that the figure of Mary the mother of Jesus is patterned
on these.
The term "Great Goddess" itself can refer to a Mother Goddess in some contemporary Neopagan and Wiccan religions.
Even among those who are not Pagan, expressions such as Mother Earth and Mother Nature are in common usage, personifying
the Earth's ecology as a fertile and sustaining mother.
Earth Mother
The Earth Mother is a motif that appears in many mythologies. The Earth Mother is a fertile goddess embodying the fertile
earth and typically the mother of other deities, and so, also are seen as patronesses of motherhood. This is generally
thought of as being because the earth was seen as being the mother from whom all life sprang.
The Rigveda calls the Female power, Mahimata (R.V. 1.164.33), a term which literally means Mother Earth.
In Fiction
In Gore Vidal's ironic dystopia "Messiah", a new death-worshipping religion sweeps the world and wipes out Christianity.
Yet at the conclusion of the book, a woman named Iris, who was among the new religion's founders, starts to be worshipped
as a new manifestation of the Mother Goddess, though there was no such concept when the religion was founded. Vidal's point
was clearly to show that worship of the Mother Goddess is an immemorial institute and would find a manifestation within
whatever religion emerges.
In Robert Graves' 1949 novel Seven Days in New Crete, a Mother Goddess is central to the religion of a quasi-matriarchal
future society.